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Susan George was an American and French political and social scientist, activist and writer on global social justice, Third World poverty, underdevelopment and debt. She was the president of the Transnational Institute, a think-tank located in Amsterdam. She was a fierce critic of the present policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (IBRD) and what she called their 'maldevelopment model'. She similarly criticized the structural reform policies of the Washington Consensus on Third World development. She was of U.S. birth but resided in France, and had dual citizenship since 1994.